Transfert de fichiers
Le transfert de fichier sur Internet s'effectue via le protocole FTP. Il permet d'envoyer, de recevoir ou de rapatrier des fichiers quelque soit leur taille et leur nature.
Il est cependant recommander de coder les fichiers autres qu'ASCII car ils peuvent être altéré au cours de leur voyage. On utilise pour ce faire les normes BinHex, MacBinary, UUencode...
A l'origine on se sert d'un utilitaire en mode texte pour effectuer les opérations de transfert, mais de nombreux logiciels cache cette apparente difficulté sous une interface graphique plus conviviale.
Le protocole FTP met en oeuvre 2 ordinateurs : un serveur et un client.
Le client envoie au serveur des commandes, auquel le serveur repond.
Voici un récapitulatif aussi exhaustif que possible de toutes les commandes FTP disponibles.
- ? / help
- affiche les informations de l'aide.
- !
- escape to the shell
- $
- execute une macro
- account
- send account command to remote server
- append
- append to a file
- ascii
- bascule en mode de transfert texte (ASCII).
- bell
- emet un beep lorsque qu'une commande est complete.
- binary / image
- bascule en mode de transfert binaire (BINARY).
- bye / exit / quit
- termine la session FTP et quitte.
- case [upper/lower]
- toggle mget upper/lower case id mapping
- cd chemin_du_répertoire
- change le répertoire courant distant.
- cdup
- change le répertoire de travail distant au répertoire parent.
- chmod
- change les permissions du fichier distant.
- close / disconnect
- ferme la connection ftp.
- cr
- toggle carriage return stripping on ascii gets
- delete nom_du_fichier
- éfface le fichier distant.
- debug
- toggle/set debugging mode
- dir / ls
- liste le contenu du répertoire distant. dir donne plus d'informations.
- disconnect / close
- ferme la connection ftp.
- exit / bye / quit
- termine la session FTP et quitte.
- form
- commute le format de transfert de fichier.
- get / recv nom_du_fichier
- recoit un fichier distant en local. Télécharge.
- glob
- toggle metacharacter expansion of local files names
- hash
- toggle print 'diese' for each buffer transferred
- help / ?
- affiche les informations de l'aide.
- idle
- get (set) idle timer on remote side
- image / binary
- bascule en mode de transfert binaire (BINARY).
- lcd chemin du repertoire
- change le répertoire de travail local.
- ls / dir
- liste le contenu du répertoire distant. dir donne plus d'informations.
- macdef
- definit une macro.
- mdelete
- efface plusieurs fichiers.
- mdir / mls
- liste le contenu de plusieurs répertoires distants.
- mget noms_des_fichiers
- recoit plusieurs fichiers distant en local. Téléchargement multiple. Les jokers ( *, ?) dans les noms de fichiers sont en principe acceptés.
- mkdir nom_du_répertoire
- cree un répertoire sur la machine distante.
- mode
- set file transfer mode
- modtime
- show last modification time of remote file
- mput noms_des_fichiers
- envoie plusieurs fichiers locaux vers le serveur. Les jokers ( *, ?) dans les noms de fichiers sont en principe acceptés.
- newer
- get files if remote file is newer than local file
- nmap
- set templates for default file name mapping
- nlist
- nlist contents of remote directory
- ntrans
- set translation table for default file name mapping
- open
- connect to remote tftp
- prompt
- force interactive prompting on multiple commands
- proxy
- issue command on alternate connection
- recv / get nom_du_fichier
- recoit un fichier distant en local. Télécharge.
- sendport
- toggle use of PORT cmd for each data connection
- put / send nom_du_fichier
- envoie un fichier local vers le serveur.
- pwd
- affiche le répertoire courant de la machine distante.
- quit / bye / exit
- termine la session FTP et quitte.
- quot
- send arbitrary ftp command
- reget
- get file restarting at end of local file
- rstatus
- show status of remote machine
- rhelp
- get help from remote server
- rename nom_du_fichier nouveau_nom_du_fichier
- Renomme un fichier.
- reset
- clear queued command replies.
- restart
- restart file transfer at bytecount.
- rmdir nom_du_répertoire
- Éfface un répertoire sur la machine distante.
- runique
- toggle store unique for local file.
- send / put nom_du_fichier
- envoie un fichier local vers le serveur.
- status
- affiche le status courant de la connection.
- struct
- set file transfer structure.
- system
- show remote system type.
- sunique
- toggle store unique on remote machine.
- tenex
- set tenex file transfer type.
- trace
- toggle packet tracing.
- type
- set file transfer type.
- user
- envoie les nouvelles données d'utilisateur.
- umask
- get (set) umask on remote side.
- verbose
- bascule en mode débutant.
Si vous voulez transférer un fichier texte (.txt, .htm, .html,...), vous devriez utiliser le type de transfert ascii. Si vous voulez transférez un fichier binaire (.zip, .exe, ...), vous devriez utilisez le type de transfert binaire.
Client
- gFTP 1.13 -- 31 mars 1999
gFTP is a multithreaded FTP client for X Windows written using Gtk. It features simultaneous downloads, resuming of interrupted file transfers, file transfer queues, downloading of entire directories, ftp proxy support, remote directory caching, passive and non-passive file transfers, drag-n-drop support, a very nice connection manager and more.
- IglooFTP 0.6.1 -- 16 avril 1999
IglooFTP is a graphical and user friendly FTP client. Its main goals are to be easy to use and intuitive when used by novice, but powerful and fully configurable in the hand of experienced users. It includes all the feature you may expect.
- Kevlar FTP 0.4.0 -- 16 mars 1999
Kevlar FTP is intended to be a workalike for Bulletproof FTP. This includes its support for queues (multiple files from multiple directories on multiple sites, upload and download, in any order) and automatic resuming.
- lftp 2.1.2 -- 11 octobre 1999, 887ko (.tar.gz)
LFTP is a file transfer program. It uses command line interface and readline library for input. It is known for its reliablity and some bash-like functions. Currently it supports
FTP and HTTP protocols. Default protocol is FTP, to open a site using other protocol use URL notation: `open http://site/path'.
The reliability of lftp can be seen in two ways. It continues transfers if terminal hangups, and it continues transfers if temporary network errors occur. The latter is very handy for dynamic-ip machines which change their IP addresses quite often, and for sites with very bad internet connectivity.
The bash-features are command line editing and command history, provided by readline library, notion of jobs, output redirection and filtering. The job is a running command like get, which can be interrupted (usually ^C), moved to background (usually ^Z), returned to foreground (fg) or killed (kill). It is possible to start several jobs at once. A job can be started in background using &.
Several commands support output redirection and filtering. E.g. cat:
lftp> cat file | gzip > file.gz
This command retrieves file from ftp server and passes its contents to gzip which in turn stores compressed data to file.gz.
LFTP has a number of nice features like bookmarks, built-in mirror, reput command. It can use ftp protocol asyncronously improving response time.
LFTP supports IPv6 for both FTP and HTTP protocols. For FTP protocol it uses method described in RFC2428.
- NcFTP 3.0 beta 18 20 février 1999
NcFTP is a UNIX application program implementing the File Transfer Protocol (FTP). It allows a user to transfer files to and from a remote network site, and offers additional features that are not found in the standard interface, ftp.
- NFTP 1.53 15 avril 1999
NFTP is a powerful, full-featured FTP client with easy-to-use point-and-shoot interface, FTP Search, downloading directory trees, displaying file descriptions, auto-reconnect, smart reget, bookmark system, history, batch progress indicator, one-key viewing/editing remote files and more. Console and X11 (using Xlib) versions are available. Shareware ($25).
- pFtp 0.05 27 février 1999
Ftp client for Perl/TK that has such features as basic *NIX ftp, as well as support for loading/saving host lists, easier management of remote and local hosts, and more.
- quftp 0.90 -- 29 mars 1999
quftp is a command line ftp client that allows you to select a slew of files to upload and download. When you are ready it transfers them one after the other. This is still in early development, but is planned to be a fully featured FTP/FxP client.
- WXftp 0.4.4 14 mars 1999
WXftp is an FTP client for the X Window System designed to be used mainly on Linux workstations. Features include an intuitive user interface (Motif and GTK+), a session manager, on-line help, progress bar and more.
Serveur
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Client
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- La liste de presque tous les serveurs FTP existants.
- La liste des principaux sites FTP français accompagne de nombreux renseignements utiles.